Biochemistry - Anki Sync

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Knowledge Cards

How are bonds formed?::They are formed when electrons are shared or exchanged between atoms

What is an Intermolecular Bond, and what is it held by?::Its a very weak chemical bond, formed by electrostatic interactions between molecules

What are polar molecules?::One-end is partially positive and other partially negative, forming poles

Hydrogen bond::A special dipole-dipole of hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen or fluoride, forming the stronger IMF force

How is the transient dipole in LDF formed, and what kind of bond does it form?::Electron clouds around atoms temporarily sway around, creating the transient dipole, which induces. dipole in a neighbouring atom, forming a very weak dipole-dipole

What is an intramolecular bond::A strong chemical bond holding atoms together

What are the key carbohydrate functions?::Supply energy to the cells, Store energy, form structural components, assist in cell communication and help build molecules.

Monosaccharides are::basic monomer units of saccharides

What are the two ways to identify a linear monosaccharide based on their functional groups::we can identify aldose or ketose sugars

Which carbon does glucose and galactose differ in?::Glucose is alpha to carbon 4 and galactose is beta to carbon 4

How are Glycosidic bonds formed::Formed through dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides, condensing two hydroxyl groups to form this bond between sugars

How do we classify anomeric carbons?::It is the carbonyl carbon, that reacts to form the ring structure. It can be classified as alpha (below) or beta (above) relative to the plane of the ring structure

What are reducing sugaars::When an anomeric carbon hydroxyl is ready to react "reducing the sugar"

Glucose + Glucose forms:Maltose
Galactose + Glucose forms::Lactose
Glucose + Fructose forms:: Sucroses

A polysaccharide is::Repeating subunits of monomer monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond linkage

What is a primary function glycogen?::It stores glucose in the liver for storage
Why is glycogen so heavily branched::Enzymes can easily process the sugars for energy

What kind of bonds are in glycogen, and amylopectin, and what does amylose miss? What does this tell us about structure?::They all have alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds, although amylose misses the alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond. This tells us that glycogen and amylopectin are branched, amylose is not

What is cellulose made of? Tell us about its structure and what kind of bond it makes. How does hydrogen bonding affect this chain?::Cellulose is made of glucose, in a unbranched structure of beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds, the hydrogen bonds form a tight network of hydroxyls, providing tensile strength for the chain

What kind of structure is chitin?::It is made of glucose like monomers bonded in a very strong net structure

Define the lipid::A insoluble non-polar macromolecule made by enzyme

Important biological functions done by lipids::Long term energy storage, phospholipid membrane formation (cell membranes) and hormone communication

Where do fatty acids differ?::They differ in either being a full hydrocarbon, or having a double bond, in which a cis-structure forms a bended structure and a trans forms a straight-deviation

What is fat (triglyceride) made of?::Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Difference between animal and plant fats::Animal fats are usually saturated, plant fats are usually unsaturated

Phospholipids are made of what? And how does this contribute to its hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail?::They are mde of glycerol + 2 fatty acids + a polar phosphate group. This polar phosphate group contributes to a polarity in a head like structure, while the long fatty acids form hydrophobic "tails"

It is said that phospholipids are amphipathic? What does this mean?::It is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, both polar and non-polar

The cell membrane is made of a bilayer of phospholipids

What is the structure of steroids::3 hexyl rings joined by a pentyl ring

Nucleic acids are::Macromolecules composed of nucleotides

Describe the properties of Nucleic Acids::Stores heritable genetic material, delivers information for protein synthesis and helps form energy molecules like ATP

DNA vs RNA::Dna is found only in the nucleus, has a double helical structure, is a stable molecule, and has only hydrogen in its second carbon. RNA is found in the cytoplasm, forms a single-stranded structure, is less stable than DNA and has an oxygen bonded to its second carbon

Nucletides are a:: essential monomer unit of DNA/RNA

Nucleotides are made of phosphate groups, pentose sugar and nitrogenous bases

Purine means it is double ringed and is found in AG molecules

Pyrimidine means it is single ringed and is found in CTU molecules

Question Cards

Why would amylose be branched and amylopectin be unbranched?::Amylose forms helical coils, important for compact energy storage, while amylopectin is more easily digestible, due to it being more accessible to enzymes

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